Scientists from national academies across Europe are calling for urgent action on food and nutrition in a new rigorous and independent report published today by the European Academies' Science Advisory Council (EASAC).

This thorough analysis has implications for policy-makers working on food, nutrition, health, the environment, climate change, and agriculture. Combating malnutrition in all its forms - undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies as well as overweight and obesity - is a problem faced by all countries.

Research and innovation will be central to finding solutions to these local-global and multidisciplinary, interconnected challenges. Evidence must underpin the policies that deliver Europe's future approach to these issues.

The report recommends being more ambitious in identifying and using scientific opportunities: how the current evidence base can shape understanding of both supply- and demand-side challenges, and how the research agenda should be defined, including basic research, to fill knowledge gaps.

Climate change will have negative impacts on food systems, necessitating the introduction of climate-smart agriculture such as the adoption of plant breeding innovations to cope with drought. Agriculture and current diets also contribute substantially to climate change.

Mitigating this contribution depends on climate-smart food systems such as land-sparing and agronomic management practices together with efforts to influence consumer behaviours associated with excessive agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, including the overconsumption of calories and meat. Changing dietary consumption could bring co-benefits to health and to climate change.

Top line findings by the panel of scientists include:

Food consumption will need to change to improve consumer health:

• For both human health and the environment, food consumption patterns will need to change. It is important to explore individual responsiveness to nutrition and the links to health, and to consider the particular needs of vulnerable groups.
  
  
• As part of the changes to food consumption patterns, a decrease in the consumption of animal protein could be important for both health and the environment.
  
  
• The authors call for policy-makers to tackle the perverse price incentives to consume high-calorie diets and to introduce new incentives for affordable nutrition.
  
  
• More clarity is needed about how to measure sustainability related to consumption of healthy diets.
  
  
• Sources of food contamination must be characterized and tackled to reduce food safety concerns.
  
  
• European countries must commit to collection of more robust data on the extent of waste in food systems and the effectiveness of interventions to reduce waste at local and regional levels. Novel approaches to processing food and reducing waste will be central to achieving the Circular Economy and Bioeconomy policy objectives.

Farming and agriculture have significant impacts on human health and the environment:

• The authors call for a revamp of the Common Agricultural Policy to focus on financing innovation rather than solely subsidies to farmers. Europe must find innovative ways to support agriculture and meet its international responsibilities. Agricultural sciences play a key role in European competitiveness and for a sustainable bioeconomy, and the authors urge a rebalancing of commitments.
  
  
• Europe is dependent on food and animal feed imports to meet its needs. This dependence leaves it vulnerable to trade issues and market fluctuations. It also increases Europe's footprint in many developing countries that will be most affected by climate change and environmental degradation. There is much to be done to understand determinants of market volatility and fair trade, and to increase resilience.
  
  
• The role of the livestock sector in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation is a major issue. Changes to livestock management practices (e.g. sustainable intensification of production) could contribute to GHG mitigation. More significant adjustments may require changing the demand for livestock products.
  
  
• Alternatives to traditional forms of animal protein that Europe could consider include: food from the oceans, lab-grown meat, and insects. Research is needed on how to increase consumer acceptance of innovative foods and diets. There are significant opportunities to increase food from the oceans by improving the knowledge base for sustainable harvesting, including at lower trophic levels.
  
  
• Meat that is cultured in vitro, may have a lower environmental impact than livestock and this potential must also be examined as part of the research agenda.
  
  
• More effort is warranted to understand the functions of soil in carbon sequestration and in biodiversity, and for the bioeconomy.

Europe should not stall on opportunities offered by genome editing, precision agriculture and the use of large data sets:

• Breakthroughs in genome editing and other genetic research will be crucial to the future of food and agriculture in Europe. The authors call on European policy-makers to capitalise on the scientific advances in genomics for animal health and productivity, and for crops.
  
  
• For plants as for animals, it is important to protect and characterise wild gene pools and to continue sequencing and functional assessment to unveil the potential of genetic resources.
  
  
• Precision agriculture offers many opportunities to improve productivity with reduced environmental impact. Large data sets are a vital tool to support innovation throughout the food system and prepare for risk and uncertainty.

Underpinning all of the scientists' recommendations is a clear call to integrate research and innovation into all of these topics, where many questions remain from a scientific perspective. An evidence-based food systems approach that integrates all of these issues is recommended.

Europe must capitalise on opportunities to co-design research across disciplines to understand better the nexus food-water-other ecosystem services and to inform the better coordination of relevant policy instruments, including the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Water Framework Directive and the Habitats Directive.

Efforts to increase food systems' efficiency should not focus on increasing agricultural productivity by ignoring environmental costs.

You can view the full report by clicking here.