In Minnesota, pig farmer Randy Spronk reformulated feed rations due to a shortage of the widely used ingredient lysine, an amino acid that helps livestock grow, Reuters reported Thursday.

Supply-chain disruptions are hitting America's meat producers and sending them scrambling for alternatives as they seek to care for farm animals and keep down costs.

Shortages of some medications like penicillin reflect in part a competition for raw materials between people and animals, as the COVID-19 pandemic shifts demand and disrupts global trade through shipping logjams and port bottlenecks.

Supply issues, in turn, have veterinarians questioning long-standing farm practices and are forcing changes within the food sector. WH Group's Smithfield Foods, the world's biggest pork producer, told Reuters it has seen shortages and substituted products and manufacturers when necessary to maintain animal care.

In farm states including Iowa and Minnesota, farmers said they are struggling to find lysine, typically a cheaper feed alternative to soybean meal.

The main supply issues surround dry lysine products out of China, said Archer-Daniels-Midland. The Chicago-based commodity trader ended dry lysine production this year and sells a liquid version.

Farmers like Spronk are feeding more soybean meal to pigs at a higher cost to replace dry lysine. The shift helped lift Chicago Board of Trade soymeal futures to a four-month high on Wednesday.

"It's to the point where literally producers are having to reformulate to pull lysine out or lower the lysine level to try to extend it," Spronk said. "You can't get it."

For medications, Chapin and his family are trying to stock up on penicillin and other products in case animals fall ill. One of the most commonly used drugs in livestock production, penicillin can treat respiratory diseases and other conditions.

"I always figured the next bottle is just a phone call away," Chapin said.

Widespread penicillin shortages across the country have caused challenges for cattle and dairy operations, said Patrick Gorden, president of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Veterinarians have struggled to find even a few bottles of Pen-G, an injectable antibiotic for treating ill cattle, sheep and swine.

Similar shortages are emerging for some tetracyclines, a class of antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in farm animals, veterinarians said.

"In some cases, we've looked at alternatives to therapy or had conversations as to whether this treatment is really all that effective or needed at all," Gorden said.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists shortages of nine veterinarian drugs that began in the wake of the pandemic. The agency said it contacted manufacturers and does not know when they will resolve supply issues.

"These shortages should not limit veterinarians' ability to provide appropriate medical treatment or euthanasia to pets or livestock," said Jose Arce, president of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

But the food and pharmaceutical sectors are feeling an impact.

The world's largest animal-health company, Zoetis Inc , does not manufacture penicillin products but reported "localized constraints" on other products as the pandemic has impacted supply chains. The company declined to name these medications.

Ireland-based manufacturer Bimeda Inc has two veterinary penicillin products on FDA's drug-shortage list, including Pro-Pen-G.

North American and Chinese suppliers of an FDA-approved material used to manufacture penicillin suffered supply outages early this year, Bimeda spokeswoman Mary van Dijk said. She declined to name the material. A Chinese supplier also experienced quality issues that took about six months to resolve, she said.

Another problem is raw materials normally used to make antibiotics for animals have been diverted to manufacture amoxicillin for humans, van Dijk said. The drugs share common starting materials, and demand for human amoxicillin rose during the pandemic, she said.

Amoxicillin can be used to treat ear infections in children, sore throats and other conditions.

"The supply disruptions are not entirely solved," van Dijk said.